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DNA repair constitutes an important defense system by removing the lesions from DNA. However, some DNA lesions can persist in the genome during replication due to limited cellular repair and/or newly formed damage at the S phase of the cell cycle. Since many lesions block replicative DNA polymerases, cells have evolved a damage tolerance response to enable replication of the damaged DNA templates. Lesion bypass represents one of the damage tolerance mechanisms, and requires a DNA polymerase to copy the damaged DNA template. DNA synthesis (nucleotide incorporation) opposite a template lesion is also referred to as translesion synthesis. Depending on the outcome, translesion synthesis is further divided into error-free and error-prone translesion syntheses.
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